DUI in Virginia: Navigating Charges, Penalties, and Defense Strategies

Few legal situations carry the immediate gravity and long-term consequences of a Driving Under the Influence (DUI) charge in Virginia. As an attorney who has spent over two decades navigating these complex cases across the Commonwealth, I have witnessed firsthand the profound impact a conviction can have on an individual’s life – their freedom, their finances, and their future driving privileges. This isn’t merely about paying a fine; it’s about understanding a nuanced legal landscape governed by specific statutes, intricate procedural rules, and the potential for life-altering penalties.

When you face a DUI charge in Virginia, you are confronting a formidable legal challenge. The law is designed to deter impaired driving, and as such, it imposes strict punishments. From the moment of a traffic stop to the final court disposition, every step is critical. This guide is crafted to demystify the process, illuminate the potential consequences, and empower you with the knowledge needed to approach your case strategically. Our aim at Law Offices Of SRIS, P.C. is to provide clarity and a robust defense for those navigating the complexities of Virginia’s DUI laws.

Consequences & Stakes of a Virginia DUI

A DUI conviction in Virginia, even for a first offense, carries severe and escalating penalties, including mandatory jail time, significant fines, and lengthy license suspensions, often impacting employment, insurance, and personal freedom.

The stakes involved in a Virginia DUI are exceptionally high. Unlike some jurisdictions where a first offense might result in leniency, Virginia law, particularly Virginia Code § 18.2-270, mandates specific minimum penalties. These consequences extend far beyond the courtroom, touching nearly every aspect of your life.

First Offense Virginia DUI Penalties

For a first DUI offense in Virginia, the standard penalties include:

• Jail Time: While not always mandatory, a first offense can carry up to 12 months in jail. If your Blood Alcohol Content (BAC) was 0.15% or higher, there’s a mandatory minimum of 5 days in jail. If your BAC was 0.20% or higher, the mandatory minimum jail time increases to 10 days.
• Fines: Fines can range from $250 to $2,500.
• License Suspension: Your driver’s license will be suspended for 12 months. After 7 days, you may be eligible for a restricted license, allowing you to drive for specific purposes (work, school, medical appointments), but this often requires the installation of an ignition interlock device in your vehicle.
• ASAP Program: Mandatory enrollment in the Virginia Alcohol Safety Action Program (ASAP). This educational and rehabilitative program is required for license reinstatement.
• Ignition Interlock Device: Often required for at least six months upon license reinstatement, sometimes longer depending on BAC and judicial discretion.
• Demerit Points: A DUI conviction adds 6 demerit points to your driving record, remaining for 11 years.

Enhanced Penalties for Subsequent Offenses or Aggravating Factors

The penalties become significantly harsher for subsequent offenses within a 10-year or 5-year period (depending on the prior conviction’s proximity) or with aggravating factors:

• Second Offense within 5-10 years: Mandatory minimum 1 month to 1 year jail, fines up to $2,500, and 3-year license suspension.
• Second Offense within 5 years: Mandatory minimum 20 days to 1 year jail, fines up to $2,500, and 3-year license suspension.
• Third Offense within 10 years: Class 6 felony, mandatory minimum 90 days to 5 years in prison, fines up to $2,500, and indefinite license revocation.
• High BAC: As noted, BACs of 0.15% or higher, and especially 0.20% or higher, trigger mandatory minimum jail sentences even for first offenses, as per Virginia Code § 18.2-270.
• Child Endangerment: If a minor (under 18) was in the vehicle, an additional mandatory minimum 5-day jail sentence and a fine of $500-$1000 applies.
• Accident/Injury/Death: If your DUI resulted in serious injury or death, you could face felony charges with very substantial prison sentences.

Beyond the direct legal penalties, a DUI conviction casts a long shadow. It can lead to increased car insurance premiums, difficulty securing or maintaining employment, damage to your professional reputation, and restrictions on travel. Understanding these profound implications underscores the critical importance of a rigorous defense.

The Virginia DUI Legal Process

The Virginia DUI legal process typically begins with a traffic stop, proceeds through arrest and initial court appearance in General District Court, and may involve administrative actions by the DMV alongside criminal proceedings.

Navigating a DUI charge requires understanding the multi-stage legal journey. It’s not a single event but a series of intertwined proceedings involving the police, the court system, and the Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV). Law Offices Of SRIS, P.C. helps clients understand each phase.

1. The Traffic Stop and Arrest

• Reasonable Suspicion: An officer must have reasonable suspicion to initiate a traffic stop. This could be for a moving violation (e.g., speeding, weaving) or an equipment violation (e.g., broken taillight).
• Field Sobriety Tests (FSTs): If the officer suspects impairment, they may request you perform FSTs (e.g., walk-and-turn, one-leg stand, horizontal gaze nystagmus). These tests are voluntary in Virginia, though refusing them can be interpreted negatively.
• Preliminary Breath Test (PBT): An officer might ask for a PBT. While useful for establishing probable cause, its results are generally not admissible in court to prove guilt. This is also voluntary.
• Arrest: If the officer establishes probable cause for impairment, you will be arrested for DUI under Virginia Code § 18.2-266.
• Implied Consent (Virginia Code § 18.2-268.2): Upon arrest, you are subject to Virginia’s implied consent law. This means that by operating a vehicle on Virginia highways, you have consented to a blood or breath test to determine your BAC. Refusal to take this test carries its own distinct and severe penalties, including immediate license suspension and mandatory jail time for subsequent refusals.
• Evidential Test: You will be taken to a facility where an evidential breath test (e.g., Intoxilyzer) or a blood test will be administered to legally determine your BAC.

2. Initial Court Appearance (Arraignment)

Following your arrest, you will likely be released on bond and given a court date. Your first appearance will be in the Virginia General District Court. This initial hearing is usually an arraignment, where you are formally informed of the charges and enter a plea (typically “not guilty” to allow for defense preparation).

3. Pre-Trial Preparations and Motions

This is a critical phase for your defense attorney. It involves:

• Discovery: Reviewing all evidence the prosecution intends to use, including police reports, body camera footage, dashcam footage, BAC test results, and witness statements.
• Investigation: Interviewing witnesses, examining the scene, and consulting with expert witnesses if necessary.
• Motions: Filing various legal motions, such as motions to suppress evidence (e.g., arguing an illegal stop or improper administration of tests) or motions to dismiss.

4. Trial in General District Court

In Virginia General District Court, DUI cases are typically heard by a judge without a jury. Both the prosecution (represented by the Commonwealth’s Attorney) and the defense (your attorney) will present their cases, call witnesses, and cross-examine. The judge will then render a verdict.

5. Appeals

If convicted in General District Court, you have an automatic right to appeal to the Circuit Court for a new trial (trial de novo). This can be a strategic advantage, as it allows your attorney to present the case again with potentially new evidence or arguments. Law Offices Of SRIS, P.C. frequently handles such appeals.

6. Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) Actions

Separate from the criminal court process, the Virginia DMV imposes administrative penalties. Under Virginia Code § 46.2-391.2, your license can be immediately suspended for 7 days if your BAC is 0.08% or higher, or if you refuse a test. If convicted, the DMV will impose a longer suspension period, and you will be required to complete the ASAP program and potentially install an ignition interlock device before your license is fully reinstated. It is crucial to manage both the criminal and administrative aspects of your case.

The SRIS Virginia DUI Defense Navigator Tool

Navigating a DUI charge in Virginia can feel overwhelming, but a structured approach can help you understand your situation and prepare for what’s ahead. The Law Offices Of SRIS, P.C. has developed the “SRIS Virginia DUI Defense Navigator” to help you gather critical information and consider initial steps. This tool is not a substitute for legal counsel but an aid to organize your thoughts and facts before speaking with an attorney.

The SRIS Virginia DUI Defense Navigator: Your Step-by-Step Guide

1. Immediately After the Stop: Document Everything
   • Date and Time of Stop: Note the exact date and time the traffic stop occurred.
   • Location: Specific street, city, and county where you were pulled over.
   • Officer’s Name/Badge Number: If you recall, or agency (Virginia State Police, local police).
   • Reason for Stop: What did the officer state was the reason? (e.g., speeding, broken light, swerving).
   • Officer’s Demeanor: Was the officer polite, aggressive, calm?
   • Your Statements: What did you say to the officer? Did you admit to drinking?
   • Officer’s Questions: What specific questions did the officer ask you?
   • Field Sobriety Tests (FSTs): Were you asked to perform FSTs? Which ones? Did you perform them? What were your results (to your knowledge)?
   • Preliminary Breath Test (PBT): Were you asked to take a PBT? Did you take it? What was the result displayed?
   • Implied Consent Test: Were you asked to take an evidential breath or blood test at the station? Did you agree or refuse?
   • BAC Result: If you took the test, what was your stated Blood Alcohol Content (BAC)?
   • Arrest Details: Where were you taken? How long were you detained?
   • Witnesses: Were there any passengers in your car? Any witnesses to the stop?
   • Vehicle Condition: Any mechanical issues with your car that could have affected driving?
2. Gather Your Documents:
   • Traffic Tickets/Summons: Have all paperwork issued by the officer ready.
   • Court Date Notice: Note the date, time, and court location.
   • Vehicle Registration & Insurance: Proof of current registration and insurance.
   • Driver’s License: Your physical license.
3. Review Your Rights:
   • Remember your right to remain silent. What you say can and will be used against you.
   • Understand your right to legal counsel. Do not hesitate to contact an attorney immediately.
   • Know that refusing the evidential blood/breath test in Virginia carries separate, severe penalties under the implied consent law.
4. Initial Self-Assessment:
   • What was your last drink, and how much did you consume?
   • When did you last eat?
   • Were you taking any medications (prescription or over-the-counter)?
   • Do you have any medical conditions that might affect FSTs or PBT results (e.g., diabetes, inner ear issues, foot/leg injuries)?
5. Prepare for Your Attorney Meeting:
   • Organize all the information gathered in steps 1-4.
   • List any questions you have for your attorney.
   • Be prepared to be completely honest and transparent about the events of the evening.

Utilizing the SRIS Virginia DUI Defense Navigator provides a structured way to recall details and prepare for effective legal representation. This preparation allows your attorney to hit the ground running, building the strongest possible defense for your case.

Legal Strategies & Defenses for Virginia DUI

Effective Virginia DUI defense strategies often involve challenging the legality of the traffic stop, the administration and interpretation of field sobriety tests, the accuracy of breath or blood test results, and ensuring adherence to proper police procedures.

A DUI charge is defensible, but it requires a meticulous and knowledgeable approach. As a seasoned attorney, I understand that no two cases are identical, and a successful defense often hinges on identifying weaknesses in the prosecution’s evidence or process. Law Offices Of SRIS, P.C. thoroughly investigates every angle.

Challenging the Traffic Stop

The Fourth Amendment protects against unreasonable searches and seizures. For a traffic stop to be legal, an officer must have “reasonable suspicion” of a traffic infraction or criminal activity. Without it, any evidence gathered subsequently may be deemed inadmissible:

• Lack of Reasonable Suspicion: Was there a legitimate reason for the stop? Was it based on an anonymous tip without corroboration? Was it a pretextual stop based on a minor infraction to investigate something else?
• Invalid Checkpoint: DUI checkpoints must follow strict guidelines regarding publicity, uniform application, and officer discretion. If not, the stop may be challenged.

Contesting Field Sobriety Tests (FSTs)

FSTs are subjective and often administered improperly. We can challenge their reliability:

• Improper Administration: Officers must follow National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) guidelines. Deviations can invalidate results.
• Physical/Medical Conditions: Injuries, inner ear problems, neuropathy, or even extreme fatigue can make it difficult for sober individuals to perform FSTs accurately.
• Environmental Factors: Uneven ground, poor lighting, or adverse weather conditions can compromise test results.
• Officer’s Interpretation: The officer’s subjective observation can be biased or inaccurate.

Disputing Breath & Blood Test Results

BAC results, while seemingly scientific, are not infallible. There are numerous avenues for challenging their accuracy:

• Calibration and Maintenance: Breathalyzer machines (e.g., Intoxilyzer) require regular calibration and maintenance. Lack of proper records can be a defense.
• Operator Error: The officer administering the test must be properly certified and follow strict protocols. Any deviation can compromise the results.
• Physiological Factors: Conditions like GERD, acid reflux, or diabetes can cause mouth alcohol, leading to falsely elevated BAC readings.
• Timing of the Test: The “rising BAC” defense argues that a driver’s BAC was lower at the time of driving than when the test was administered, particularly if there was a delay.
• Chain of Custody (Blood Tests): For blood tests, the sample must be properly collected, stored, and transported to prevent contamination or degradation. Any break in the chain of custody can be challenged.
• Fermentation of Blood Sample: If blood samples are not properly preserved, fermentation can occur, artificially increasing alcohol content.

Challenging Probable Cause for Arrest

Even if the stop was valid, an officer still needs probable cause to make a DUI arrest. This requires specific, articulable facts that lead a reasonable officer to believe you were driving under the influence. If the probable cause was insufficient, the arrest could be deemed unlawful, and all evidence gathered thereafter might be suppressed.

Violation of Constitutional Rights

This can include issues like:

• Miranda Violations: If you were interrogated after arrest without being read your Miranda rights, statements made might be inadmissible.
• Right to Counsel: Interference with your right to speak with an attorney.

No Actual Driving (Laying in wait)

Virginia Code § 18.2-266 specifically states “driving or operating.” If you were merely in physical control of the vehicle, but not actually driving (e.g., sleeping in a parked car with keys in the ignition), defense arguments can be made regarding “operation” versus “driving.”

A thorough examination of every detail—from the initial stop to the booking process—is essential. By meticulously reviewing police reports, officer testimony, video evidence, and scientific data, Law Offices Of SRIS, P.C. works to build a robust defense tailored to the unique circumstances of your Virginia DUI case.

Common Mistakes to Avoid in a Virginia DUI Case

Individuals facing a DUI in Virginia frequently make critical errors that can significantly jeopardize their case, including making incriminating statements, refusing an evidential chemical test, or delaying contact with experienced legal counsel.

In the aftermath of a DUI arrest, it’s easy to feel flustered and make missteps that can inadvertently harm your defense. Based on my years of experience with Virginia DUI cases, here are the most common pitfalls to avoid:

1. Making Incriminating Statements to Police: Anything you say, even seemingly innocent remarks, can be used against you. Do not admit to drinking, where you were coming from, or any actions related to impaired driving. You have a right to remain silent—exercise it.
2. Refusing the Evidential Breath or Blood Test: While you can refuse a preliminary breath test (PBT) and field sobriety tests, refusing the post-arrest evidential chemical test (breath or blood) triggers Virginia’s implied consent law (Virginia Code § 18.2-268.2). A refusal results in an automatic, separate license suspension and potentially mandatory jail time for subsequent refusals, in addition to any penalties for a DUI conviction itself.
3. Failing to Document the Incident: As soon as safely possible, write down everything you remember about the stop, arrest, and interaction with officers. Details about the time, location, officer’s demeanor, questions asked, and conditions can be crucial for your defense.
4. Not Understanding Your Rights: Many individuals don’t realize they can refuse FSTs or that statements made before Miranda rights are read might be challenged. Ignorance of your rights can lead to involuntary self-incrimination.
5. Driving After Your License is Administratively Suspended: Immediately following a DUI arrest with a high BAC or test refusal, your license is likely subject to a 7-day administrative suspension (Virginia Code § 46.2-391.2). Driving during this period, or after any subsequent court-ordered suspension, can lead to new, serious charges.
6. Waiting to Seek Legal Counsel: Time is of the essence in a DUI case. Evidence can disappear, witnesses’ memories fade, and critical deadlines approach. Delaying contact with a seasoned Virginia DUI attorney can severely limit your defense options.
7. Not Attending All Court Dates: Missing a court date, even a minor one, can result in a bench warrant for your arrest and additional charges or complications for your case.
8. Discussing Your Case on Social Media: Any posts, comments, or pictures related to the incident or your social activities can be discovered by the prosecution and used as evidence against you. Keep your case private.
9. Pleading Guilty Without Exploring Defenses: A DUI conviction has long-term consequences. Do not assume your case is hopeless or simply plead guilty without first having an experienced attorney thoroughly review all the evidence and explore every possible defense.
10. Failing to Comply with Court Orders: If granted a restricted license, failing to install an ignition interlock device, or failing to attend ASAP classes can lead to probation violations, further license suspension, and additional jail time.

Avoiding these common errors can significantly strengthen your position and improve the chances of a favorable outcome in your Virginia DUI case. Always prioritize obtaining qualified legal representation.

Glossary of Key Virginia DUI Terms

BAC (Blood Alcohol Content)

The concentration of alcohol in a person’s blood. In Virginia, the legal limit for drivers aged 21 and over is $0.08\%$ for most vehicles, $0.04\%$ for commercial drivers, and $0.02\%$ for those under 21.

DUI (Driving Under the Influence)

The legal term in Virginia for operating a motor vehicle while impaired by alcohol, drugs, or a combination thereof (Virginia Code § 18.2-266).

Field Sobriety Tests (FSTs)

A series of physical and mental exercises (e.g., Walk-and-Turn, One-Leg Stand) administered by law enforcement to assess a driver’s physical and cognitive impairment. These are typically voluntary in Virginia.

Implied Consent Law

Virginia Code § 18.2-268.2 states that by operating a motor vehicle on public highways, you automatically consent to a blood or breath test if arrested for DUI. Refusal carries separate administrative and criminal penalties.

Ignition Interlock Device (IID)

A breath alcohol analysis device installed in a vehicle that prevents the vehicle from starting if alcohol is detected on the driver’s breath. Often a mandatory requirement for restricted license holders or upon full license reinstatement after a DUI.

ASAP (Virginia Alcohol Safety Action Program)

A mandatory program for anyone convicted of DUI in Virginia, designed to educate and rehabilitate offenders regarding the dangers of impaired driving. Completion is required for license reinstatement.

Restricted License

A limited driver’s license issued after a DUI conviction or suspension, allowing driving only for specific, approved purposes (e.g., to/from work, school, medical appointments).

Common Scenarios & Questions About Virginia DUI

Understanding how general DUI laws apply to specific situations is key. Here are some common scenarios encountered by individuals in Virginia, reflecting common online questions, along with the perspective of a seasoned attorney.

Scenario 1: “I was pulled over for speeding, but the officer immediately started asking if I’d been drinking. Can they do that?”

Yes, an officer can pivot their investigation if they develop reasonable suspicion of impairment during a traffic stop for a different violation. If they observe signs such as the smell of alcohol, slurred speech, bloodshot eyes, or fumbling for documents, they can broaden the scope of the stop to investigate potential DUI. This is why limiting your statements and understanding your rights early on is critical. The initial stop for speeding must be legitimate, but once they detect signs of impairment, their investigation path changes.

Scenario 2: “I refused the field sobriety tests and the PBT because I heard they were voluntary. Now I’m charged with DUI. Did I do the right thing?”

Refusing FSTs and the PBT (Preliminary Breath Test) can be a strategic move because they are voluntary and subjective, often used to establish probable cause. However, this refusal can still be used by the prosecution to argue consciousness of guilt, and it won’t prevent an arrest if the officer believes there’s probable cause otherwise. Crucially, the implied consent law for the *evidential* blood or breath test *after arrest* is different. Refusing that test carries severe, separate penalties, making it a more complex decision with significant consequences.

Scenario 3: “I blew a 0.08% BAC, which is the legal limit, but I still got charged with DUI. How is that possible?”

Virginia Code § 18.2-266 states that it’s illegal to drive with a BAC of $0.08\%$ or more, *or* if you are “under the influence of alcohol to a degree which impairs your ability to drive safely.” This means you can be charged with DUI even if your BAC is below $0.08\%$ if the Commonwealth can prove your driving was nevertheless impaired. This often comes into play with observable driving behaviors, performance on FSTs, or the presence of other impairing substances. Your BAC is just one piece of evidence, not the sole determinant of guilt.

Frequently Asked Questions About DUI in Virginia

Q1: What is the legal limit for BAC in Virginia?

For drivers 21 and older, the legal BAC limit in Virginia is $0.08\%$. For commercial drivers, it’s $0.04\%$, and for drivers under 21, it’s $0.02\%$ (often referred to as “zero tolerance”).

Q2: Can I refuse a breathalyzer or blood test in Virginia?

You can refuse a Preliminary Breath Test (PBT) administered at the scene. However, once you are arrested for DUI, Virginia’s implied consent law (Virginia Code § 18.2-268.2) means you have consented to an evidential breath or blood test. Refusing this test will lead to an automatic, separate license suspension and additional mandatory penalties, regardless of the outcome of the DUI charge itself.

Q3: What are the penalties for a first offense DUI in Virginia?

A first offense DUI in Virginia can result in up to 12 months in jail (with mandatory minimums if BAC is $0.15\%$ or higher), fines from $250 to $2,500, a 12-month license suspension, mandatory enrollment in ASAP, and often an ignition interlock device.

Q4: How long does a DUI stay on my driving record in Virginia?

A DUI conviction remains on your Virginia driving record for 11 years for demerit points purposes, but the conviction itself is permanently on your criminal record. It can impact employment, insurance rates, and more for many years.

Q5: Will I lose my license immediately after a DUI arrest in Virginia?

Not always immediately and permanently. If your BAC is $0.08\%$ or higher, or you refused the evidential test, your license will be administratively suspended for 7 days by the DMV (Virginia Code § 46.2-391.2). A longer suspension will follow if you are convicted in court.

Q6: Can I get a restricted license after a Virginia DUI?

Often, yes. For a first offense, after the initial 7-day administrative suspension, you may be eligible for a restricted license allowing you to drive for specific purposes (e.g., work, school, medical appointments), usually with an ignition interlock device and ASAP enrollment requirements.

Q7: What is the Virginia Alcohol Safety Action Program (ASAP)?

ASAP is a mandatory alcohol education and treatment program for DUI offenders. Completion is required for license reinstatement and often involves classes, counseling, and monitoring.

Q8: Are field sobriety tests mandatory in Virginia?

No, field sobriety tests (FSTs) are voluntary in Virginia. You have the right to politely refuse to perform them. However, refusal may contribute to an officer’s probable cause for arrest, and it may be brought up in court.

Q9: What is a “rising BAC” defense?

A “rising BAC” defense argues that a driver’s Blood Alcohol Content was lower at the time of driving than when the test was administered, particularly if there was a significant delay between the stop and the test. This can be a complex defense requiring expert testimony.

Q10: What is the difference between DUI and DWI in Virginia?

In Virginia, the terms “DUI” (Driving Under the Influence) and “DWI” (Driving While Intoxicated) are used interchangeably and refer to the same offense under Virginia Code § 18.2-266. The current statute primarily uses “DUI,” but both terms apply.

Q11: Can a DUI conviction be expunged in Virginia?

Generally, no. A DUI conviction in Virginia is a criminal conviction and typically cannot be expunged from your record. Only arrests that do not lead to a conviction or are dismissed may be eligible for expungement.

Q12: What if I was arrested for DUI in a parked car?

Virginia law prohibits “driving or operating” a motor vehicle while under the influence. If you were merely in a parked car, a defense might focus on whether you were “operating” the vehicle. Factors like keys in the ignition, engine running, and your location in the vehicle are considered.

Q13: How long do I have to appeal a DUI conviction in Virginia General District Court?

If convicted in Virginia General District Court, you have 10 days to note an appeal to the Circuit Court for a new trial (trial de novo).

Q14: What impact does a Virginia DUI have on my car insurance?

A DUI conviction will almost certainly lead to significantly higher car insurance premiums, and some insurance companies may even drop your coverage. You may need to obtain an SR-22 filing, which proves you have sufficient insurance.

Q15: Should I hire an attorney for a Virginia DUI charge?

Absolutely. The complexities of Virginia DUI law, the severe penalties, and the nuances of defense strategies make it imperative to have seasoned legal representation. An experienced attorney can protect your rights, challenge evidence, negotiate with the prosecution, and navigate the entire legal process effectively.

Facing a DUI charge in Virginia is a serious matter with potentially life-altering consequences. Do not navigate this complex legal landscape alone. The Law Offices Of SRIS, P.C. possesses the seasoned experience and deep understanding of Virginia DUI law necessary to build a compelling defense. Our commitment is to protect your rights, explore every legal avenue, and work tirelessly towards the most favorable outcome possible for your specific situation.

If you or someone you know has been charged with DUI in Virginia, time is critical. Every moment counts in preserving evidence and developing a robust defense strategy. Contact Law Offices Of SRIS, P.C. today for a confidential case review. Call 888-437-7747 – let our experience work for you.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this article by Law Offices Of SRIS, P.C. is for general educational purposes only and not for the purpose of providing legal advice. You should contact an attorney to obtain advice with respect to any particular issue or problem. Use of and access to this website or any of the links contained within the site do not create an attorney-client relationship. The opinions expressed at or through this site are the opinions of the individual author and may not reflect the opinions of the firm or any individual attorney.